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Background:Endotracheal extubation is one of the frequently performed procedure in the practice of anaesthesia.This study was done to observe the haemodynamic responses during tracheal extubation and to compare the efficacy of IV diltiazem 0.2mg/kg versusIV lidocaine 1mg/kg in attenuating the hemodynamic response to tracheal extubation.Methods:90 patients aged 20 to 60 yrs, belonging to ASA I and II, normotensive were included in the study and they were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 30each. Group I received normal saline and served as control. Group II received0.2mg/kg of IV diltiazem 2 min before extubation. Group III received 1mg/kg of lidocaine IV 2 min before extubation. At the end of the surgery, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP)and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)were recorded served as base line values.Results:After tracheal extubation, all the haemodynamic parameters increase from the basal level in the control group and decreased in the study group. The change in HR, SBP and DBP were significantly less in group II and group III compared to group I. The change in HR, SBP and DBP were significantly less in group II compared to group III. Conclusions: Diltiazem hydrochloride, a calcium channel blocker belongs to the benzothiazepine group given in dose of 0.2mg/kg IV 2 min before tracheal extubation in ASA grade I andgrade II patients is a simple, effective and practical method of blunting cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubation. This suppressive effect of diltiazem was comparable to or even more potent than that of lignocaine 1mg/kg IV 2 min before tracheal extubation
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Physiological and biochemical changes in response to deficit irrigation (drought stress) were studied at three moisture regimes based on available soil moisture (ASM) and four commercial sugarcane varieties differing in their maturity i.e. CoS 767 (Mid late), CoH128 (Mid late), CoJ 64 (Early) and Co 0238 (Early) Plant water status was affected significantly with duration and severity of stress with maximum reduction at 30% ASM level at 90 DAP. The water potential (from -0.62 to -1.16 MPa), osmotic potential (from -0.88 to -1.77 MPa) and relative water content (from 87.59 to 65.51%) decreased significantly at 30% ASM level than at 50% ASM in all the varieties. After stress revival, a remarkable recovery was recorded in all the varieties at all the ASM levels with maximum recovery in varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767. Higher membrane injury was recorded in CoJ 64 followed by CoH 128, Co 0238 and CoS 767at 30% ASM at 60 and 90 DAP. Remarkable decrease were observed in gaseous exchange parameters in leaves viz. photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance at 30 and 40% ASM levels in all the varieties. Significant reduction was also recorded in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Severe stress conditions of 30% ASM led to approx. two fold increase in total soluble carbohydrates, four folds in proline and two fold increase in lipid peroxidation. ASM levels of 40% and 30% also significantly reduced total chlorophyll content. From the results, it can be concluded that varieties Co 0238 and CoS 767 are relatively more tolerant at moderate stress to severe stress than CoH 128 and CoJ 64.
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Aim: This study was conducted to identify the physiological and molecular traits underpinning salt stress adaptation in halophytic grasses Urochondra setulosa and Leptachloa fusca. Methodology: To assess the salt tolerance potential of Urochondra setulosa and Leptachloa fusca, the rooted cuttings and seeds were collected from Rann of Kutch, Bhuj, Gujarat and ICAR-CSSRI Regional Research Station, Lucknow, India, respectively using physiological, biochemical and molecular traits. Results: Salt stress decreased the biomass production in both the species to varying extents. Leaf chlorophyll declined marginally (5-12%) in Urochondra and moderately (~28%) in Leptachloa under various salt treatments compared to controls. The values of ψw and ψs, i.e., – 3.98 MPa and 760.5 mmol kg-1 were obtained under salinity stress of ECe ~ 50 dS m-1 in Urochondra whereas the values of ψw and ψs were – 3.63 MPa and 556 mmol kg-1 in Leptachloa. Osmoprotectant (proline, glycine betaine, total soluble sugar) and epi-cuticular wax content increased with increasing sodicity/salinity stresses in both grasss. The results showed that both halophytic grasses maintained lower Na+/K+ in their roots and which excludes the salt through the shoots portion. Expression of NHX1 gene increased with an increase of not only sodic, but also saline stress in both the grasses. Interpretation: The results demonstrate that Urochondra has a better adaption towards salinity and Leptochloa towards sodicity stress
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Background: voice in humans is susceptible to the hormonal changes throughout life right from the puberty until old age. Thyroid,gonadal, and growth hormones have varied impact on the structure and function of the vocal apparatus. Voice changes are observedduring physiological states such as puberty and menstruation. Puberphonia is defined as an inappropriate use of high-pitched voicebeyond pubertal age in males which is usually seen in the immediate postpubescent period when the male vocal mechanism hasundergone significant changes in size and function caused by hormonal changes. Endocrine evaluations in puberphonia by astuteclinical observers who make out the changes in the voice are required to develop a system of diagnosis and assessment of prognosis.Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between serum testosterone levels and fundamentalfrequencies (F0) of patients with puberphonia.Materials and Methods: A total of 43 patients aged between 14 and 18 years with puberphonia were included in the study.They were subjected pubertal history taking and an ENT evaluation with a stroboscope to obtain visual assessment of the vocalcords. The mucosal wave, vibratory symmetry, and amplitude; type of glottic closure; hyperfunction; arytenoids movement andsymmetry; ventricular movement, etc., were evaluated using stroboscopy including patient’s fundamental frequency (F0) duringsustained phonation. The relationship between circulating levels of serum testosterone and the fundamental frequencies ofpuberphonia patients was analyzed. Serum testosterone was evaluated by quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry method in this study. Serum levels of testosterone more than 165 ng/dL in children aged 14–15 years;testosterone levels higher than 619 ng/dL in children aged 15–16 years; and higher than 733 ng/dL in children aged 16–17 yearswere taken as abnormal. All the data were analyzed using standard statistical methods.Observations and Results: Among the 43 patients, the incidence was equal in all age groups between 14 and 17 years. Therewas no statistical significance in relation to socioeconomic status, the presence of secondary sexual features, personality, andparent domination among the groups. However, residing in urban locality was statistically significant over residence in the rurallocality among the patients with puberphonia with P = 0.042 and 0.038, respectively. The overall F0 mean value for the studygroup was 196.56. The relationship between mean F0 values and mean serum Testosterone levels were analyzed using Chisquare test and observed that there was statistical significance between the values in all the age groups of the study (P < 0.05).Conclusions: There was a negative relationship between circulating levels of serum testosterone and fundamental frequency(F0). Higher testosterone levels are indicating lower fundamental frequency, although the magnitude of the relationship waslarger than previously observed studies in literature. It is thought that male voices may have deepened over the course ofevolution to signal dominance and/or to increase the speaker’s attractiveness. Findings confirm that vocal frequencies mayprovide an honest signal of the speaker’s hormonal quality.
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Background: Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) is now emerging as a safe procedure even in patients suitable for vaginal hysterectomy (VH) due to its advantages like better visualisation, less post-operative pain and shorter hospital stay. This study was conducted to compare between laparoscopic hysterectomy and vaginal hysterectomy in females with benign disorders. Materials and methods: This was retrospective study conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Laxmi Narasimha Hospital, Warangal. The patients who were indicated for vaginal hysterectomy or total laparoscopic hysterectomy were included. This study was conducted during the period of July 2015 to October 2016. Forty eight patients were included in the TLH group who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy and forty three patients were included in the VH group who underwent vaginal hysterectomy. Results: Operation time was higher in TLH group which was 112.56 hours when compared to VH group which was 101.42 hours (p<0.001). Hospital stay was more in VH group which was 5.77 days when compared to TLH group which was 4.05 days (p<0.001). Analgesia dosage was higher in VH group which was 1.64 when compared to that in TLH group which was 1.28 (p<0.001). The rate of complications in both the groups was found to be non-significant statistically. One woman who was undergoing VH had bladder injury which was recognised intraoperatively and treated and another one had vault hematoma in post-operative period which was also managed. In one case of VH, conversion to laparotomy was done due to difficulty but all cases were posted for TLH. Conclusion: Compared to Vaginal hysterectomy, total laparoscopic hysterectomy was more advantageous as it showed lesser hospital stay and lesser analgesia dose.
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Background: A healthy mother and a healthy baby are the central concepts of any obstetric management. Labour has to be induced in order to achieve this objective in certain cases, either for maternal or fetal indications or both, one of the common indications being premature rupture of membranes at term. If the pregnancy continues with premature rupture of membranes, a normal pregnancy turns into a high-risk one, as it is associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, so an active approach induction of labour is desirable. Objective: To study the obstetric profile of women undergoing labour. Methods: 200 pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes were studied. Women with singleton pregnancy with cephalic presentation beyond 37 weeks of gestation presented with premature rupture of membranes with good fetal heart rate were included in the study. A detailed history and a thorough general examination were carried out. Uterine tenderness was looking for as a sign of chorioamnionitis. Then a speculum examination was carried. Results: Maximum number of cases were between 18-22 years (47%). Maximum i.e. 56% were nulliparous. The mean Bishop score in the nulliparous women was 4.41 and 4.7 for multiparous women. Conclusion: Majority of the patients were in the age group of 18-22 years. The mean pre induction Bishop score was 3.4 in the misoprostol group and 4.4 in the oxytocin group.
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The synthesized 4-Oxo-Azetidines which are established by spectral and analytical data are evaluated for their antioxidant activity. The activity of all compounds is identified by using nitricoxide and superoxide radical scavenging methods against Alkaline Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO). The derivatives with chlorine substituent either at ortho or para on phenyl ring exhibited maximum activity in both methods. Least activity is shown by the compound having ortho nitro group on benzene ring.
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The comparative approach regarding the ethics of surrogacy from the Western secular and Islamic bioethical view reveals both commensurable and incommensurable relationship. It is not either straight forward ‘commensurable’ or straight forward ‘incommensurable.’ Islamic bioethics is straight-forward in prohibiting reproductive cloning on its own features and also guess social chaos and anarchy. Western secular bioethics has both arguments and counter arguments both for and against this scientific innovation. Both are eager to highlight the welfare of the society as a whole but the approaches are not always the same.
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Background: Very little information is available on the drug susceptibility profile among patients who are treated with standardized short-course chemotherapy regimens under programme conditions. Methods: Sputum samples were collected from new sputum smear-positive patients declared ‘failure’ after treatment with Category I regimen under tuberculosis control programme using DOTS strategy from a rural area of Tamil Nadu. Results: Of 1463 patients started on Category I regimen between May1999 and December 2002, 74 cases were declared as ‘failures’ (smear positive at 5/6 months of treatment). We collected sputum samples from 60 (81%) of 74 ‘failures’ and 27% (16 of 60) of them were culture-negative for M tuberculosis and 17% (10 of 60) had organisms resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampicin (MDR TB). Conclusion: Based on the drug susceptibility profile at the time of ‘failure’, treating Category I ‘failures’ with Category II regimen with close monitoring appears to be justified.